Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia

Produk hukum Indonesia era kolonial berdasarkan tahun:

* 1847 – 1941 – 1942 – 1943 – 1944

Berikut daftar Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia berdasarkan tahun:

* 1945 – 1946 – 1947 – 1948 – 1949
* 1950 – 1951 – 1952 – 1953 – 1954 – 1955 – 1956 – 1957 – 1958 – 1959
* 1960 – 1961 – 1962 – 1963 – 1964 – 1965 – 1966 – 1967 – 1968 – 1969
* 1970 – 1971 – 1972 – 1973 – 1974 – 1975 – 1976 – 1977 – 1978 – 1979
* 1980 – 1981 – 1982 – 1983 – 1984 – 1985 – 1986 – 1987 – 1988 – 1989
* 1990 – 1991 – 1992 – 1993 – 1994 – 1995 – 1996 – 1997 – 1998 – 1999
* 2000 – 2001 – 2002 – 2003 – 2004 – 2005 – 2006 – 2007 – 2008 – 2009
* [Database Peraturan]

Antioxidative and Anticancer Activity of Extracts of Cherry (Prunus serrulata var. spontanea) Blossoms

Antioxidative and Anticancer Activity of Extracts of Cherry (Prunus serrulata var.  spontanea) Blossoms

 

Bo-Bae Lee & Mi-Ran Cha & Soo-Yeon Kim & Eunju Park & Hae-Ryong Park &  Seung-Cheol Lee

Plant Foods Hum Nutr (2007) 62:79–84 DOI 10.1007/s11130-007-0045-9

 

Abstract Organic solvent (methanol, ethanol, and acetone) extracts and water extracts of cherry (Prunus serrulata var. spontanea) blossoms were prepared, and antioxidant activities of the extracts were evaluated. Methanolic CBE (100 μg/ml) showed the highest total phenol content (104.30 μM), radical scavenging activity (34.2%), and reducing power (0.391). The effect of CBE on DNA damage induced by H2O in human leukocytes was evaluated by Comet assay. All CBE was a potent dose dependent  inhibitor of DNA damage induced by 200 μMof H2O22, methanolic CBE showed the most strong inhibition activity. The methanolic CBE of 500 μg/ml showed 38.8% inhibition against growth of human colon cancer cell line HT-29. These results indicated that cherry blossoms could provide valuable bioactive materials.

Antioxidant activity and constituents of extracts from the root of Garcinia multiflora

Antioxidant activity and constituents of extracts from the root of Garcinia multiflora

Jyh-Horng Wu · Yu-Tang Tung · Chiou-Fung Chyu Shih-Chang Chien · Sheng-Yang Wang Shang-Tzen Chang · Yueh-Hsiung Kuo

J Wood Sci  © The Japan Wood Research Society 2008 DOI 10.1007/s10086-008-0961-9

Abstract

The methanolic extract of the root of Garcinia multifl ora and its derived soluble fractions, namely those soluble in ethyl acetate (EtOAc), n-butanol, and water, were screened for their antioxidant activities. Among them, the EtOAc-soluble fraction exhibited the highest scavenging activity against the 1,1-dipheny1–2-picrylhydrazyl radical, the highest superoxide radical scavenging activity, and the strongest reducing power. In addition, according to the bioactivity-guided isolation, 26 specifi c phytocompounds, including 3 aromatics, 3 benzophenones, 3 fl avonoids, 3 isocoumarins, 1 phloroglucinol, 6 steroids, and 7 xanthones, were isolated from the EtOAc-soluble fraction and identifi ed. Of these, 2,4,3′,4′-tetrahydroxy-6methoxybenzophenone and 1,3,6,7-tetrahydroxyxanthone were found to be the major bioactive constituents, present in the crude extract in concentrations of 3.9 and 15.6 mg/g, respectively. These two compounds had similar antioxidant activities to (+)-catechin, a well-known antioxidant.

Growth activation of the microalga Isochrysis galbana by the aqueous extract of the seaweed Monostroma nitidum

Growth activation of the microalga Isochrysis galbana by the aqueous extract of the seaweed Monostroma nitidum

Ji Young Cho, Hyung-Joo Jin, Hyun Jeong Lim, John N. C. Whyte & Yong-Ki Hong

Journal of Applied Phycology 10: 561–567, 1999. © 1999 Kluwer Academic Publishers. Printed in the Netherlands.

 

Abstract

Cell growth of the marine microalga Isochrysis galbana was regulated by the addition of seaweed extracts in the culture medium. Methanol-soluble extracts from 27 species of seaweed showed growth activation only from Enteromorpha linza, and growth inhibition from Ishige foliacea and Sargassum sagamianum. Water-soluble extracts from Grateloupia turuturu and Monostroma nitidum showed growth activation, while none of the seaweed showed growth inhibition. From results of growth activation of extracts on I. galbana, the water extract of M. nitidum was the most effective up to two-fold increase in cell density with the addition of 1 mg mL−1 of extract to the  medium. The cell growth rate was increased from 0.52 to 0.65 d−1. Cell size, gross biochemical compositions, fatty acid compositions, and digestion efficiency by shellfish differed marginally between cultures of I. galbana grown with and without the M. nitidum aqueous extract. This extract has also enhanced the growth of other feed microalgae tested, including Dunaliella salina.

Determination of antioxidant activity of various extracts of Parmelia saxatilis

Determination of antioxidant activity of various extracts of Parmelia saxatilis

Tevfik ¨ Ozen 1* & KadirKinalioglu 2*

Biologia 63/2: 211—216, 2008 Section Botany DOI: 10.2478/s11756-008-0047-6

 

Abstract

The work was conducted with the purpose to evaluate antioxidant activity of Parmelia saxatilis (PS) by different analytical methods. Water and methanol were used as solvents and antioxidative effects were measured by a ferric thiocyanate method (FTC) and thiobarbituric acid test (TBA). The antioxidant activity increased with the increasing amount of extracts (from 50 to 250 µg) added to linoleic acid emulsion. The methanol extract of PS exhibited high antioxidative activity that was not significantly (P < 0.05) different from α-tocopherol, while aqueous extracts of PS showed low antioxidative activity. Similar trends of antioxidant activity were observed using either the FTC or TBA methods. Antioxidant activity, reducing power, free radical scavenging (DPPH. ), superoxide anion radical scavenging, metal chelating and hydrogen peroxide scavenging activities of PS extracts showed dose dependence and increased with concentration of PS extract. The results obtained in the present study indicate that the PS might be a potential source of natural antioxidant.

Inhibitory activity of pine needle tannin extracts on some agriculturally resourceful microbes

Inhibitory activity of pine needle tannin extracts on some agriculturally resourceful microbes

G. Selvakumar .  Supradip Saha .  S. Kundu

Indian J. Microbiol. (September 2007) 47:267–270

Abstract

Crude extracts of water and solvent extractable tannin fractions from pine needles were found to contain tannin concentrations of 10.15% and 13.15% tannic acid equivalents respectively. Thin Layer Chromatography revealed the presence of four distinct phenolic compounds, amongst which two were tannic acid like compounds. Both the extracts were found to be inhibitory to several microbes of agricultural importance. Amongst the bacterial strains studied, Azotobacter sp (VL-A2) was able to tolerate upto 1000 ppm of crude tannin concentration without any growth inhibition. While growth of Rhizobium (VL –R1) and Bacillus halodurans (MTCC 7181) was inhibited by crude tannin concentrations of 50 and 100 ppm respectively of both water and solvent extracted tannins. Among the fungal genera, Pleurotus djamor was found to tolerate up to 10000 ppm of crude tannins, while Trichoderma virescens (MTCC 6321) and T. reesii could tolerate up to 3000 ppm of both water extractable and acetone extractable crude tannins without any growth inhibition.

Antimicrobial activities of extracts from tropical Atlantic marine plants against marine pathogens and saprophytes

Antimicrobial activities of extracts from tropical Atlantic marine plants against marine pathogens and saprophytes

Sebastian Engel Æ Melany P. Puglisi Æ Paul R. Jensen William Fenical

Marine Biology (2006) 149: 991–1002 DOI 10.1007/s00227-006-0264-x

 

Abstract

Studies investigating disease resistance in marine plants have indicated that secondary metabolites may have important defensive functions against harmful marine microorganisms. The goal of this study was to systematically screen extracts from marine plants for antimicrobial effects against marine pathogens and saprophytes. Lipophilic and hydrophilic extracts from species of 49 marine algae and 3 seagrasses collected in the tropical Atlantic were screened for antimicrobial activity against five ecologically relevant marine microorganisms from three separate kingdoms. These assay microbes consisted of the pathogenic fungus Lindra thalassiae, the saprophytic fungus Dendryphiella salina, the saprophytic stramenopiles, Halophytophthora spinosa and Schizochytrium aggregatum, and the pathogenic bacterium Pseudoaltermonas bacteriolytica. Overall, 90% of all species surveyed yielded extracts that were active against one or more, and 77% yielded extracts that were active against two or more assay microorganisms. Broad-spectrum activity against three or four assay microorganisms was observed in the extracts from 48 and 27% of all species, respectively. The green algae Halimeda copiosa and Penicillus capitatus (Chlorophyta) were the only species to yield extracts active against all assay microorganisms. Among all assay microorganisms, both fungi were the most resistant to the extracts tested, with less than 21% of all extracts inhibiting the growth of either L. thalassiae or D. salina. In contrast, over half of all lipophylic extracts were active against the stramenopiles H. spinosa and S. aggregatum, and the bacterium P. bacteriolytica. Growth sensitivity to hydrophilic extracts varied considerably between individual assay microorganisms. While 48% of all hydrophilic extracts were active against H. spinosa, 27% were active against P. bacteriolytica, and only 14% were active against S. aggregatum. Overall, more lipophilic extracts inhibited microbial growth than hydrophilic extracts. The variability observed in the antimicrobial effects of individual extracts against each assay microorganism reflects the importance of choosing appropriate test microbes in assays from which ecologically relevant information is sought. Results from this survey demonstrate that antimicrobial activities are prevalent among extracts from marine algae and seagrasses, suggesting that antimicrobial chemical defenses are widespread among marine plants.

Antioxidant activity of extracts from the wood and bark of Port Orford cedar

Antioxidant activity of extracts from the wood and bark of Port Orford cedar

Heng Gao · Todd F. Shupe · Thomas L. Eberhardt Chung Y. Hse

J Wood Sci (2007) 53:147–152 © The Japan Wood Research Society 2007 DOI 10.1007/s10086-006-0850-z

Abstract

Heartwood, sapwood, and inner and outer bark of Port Orford cedar were extracted with methanol, and the extracts evaluated for antioxidant activity. The total phenol content (TPC) of the extracts was determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method and expressed as gallic acid equivalent (GAE). Butylated hydroxytoluene was used as a positive control in the free-radical-scavenging activity tests and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid dihydrate disodium salt served as a positive control in the metal-chelating activity assay. All wood extracts showed signifi cant freeradical-scavenging activity. In the radical-scavenging assay of 2,2-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (the ABTS assay), the inner bark extracts exhibited the strongest free-radical-scavenging activity. The 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC50) in the radical-scavenging assay against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl hydrate radical (DPPH) of the heartwood, sapwood, and inner and outer bark extracts were 64.77, 29.03, 10.31, 19.87 mg·ml-1, respectively. In the metal-chelating activity system, the sapwood extract demonstrated signifi cant activity. The greatest TPC, 537.5 mg GAE/g dry extract, was detected in the inner bark. The lowest TPC of 136.9 mg GAE/g dry extract was observed in the heartwood dry extract. The results indicate that the antioxidant activities of the extracts are in accordance with the amounts of phenolics present; the inner and outer barks of Port Orford cedar are rich in phenolics and may provide good sources of antioxidants.

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